Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2Essay Writing Service

Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2Essay Writing Service Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2 Hugo Munsterberg essay part 2Hugo Munsterberg essay part  1As we have previously mentioned, Munsterberg promoted the industrial psychology. The publication under the title â€Å"Psychology and the Market† (1909) can be regarded as the beginning of this activity. The article pointed out the areas of production in which psychology could be useful: vocational training, personnel management, etc.; the article also recommended to carry out intelligence tests, to assess the level of motivation of employees, and the impact of monotonous nature of the work on the results of work.Munsterberg had a number of serious researches in those universities where he worked as a consultant. The results were published in the book â€Å"Psychology and Industrial Efficiency† (1913). The book was so popular that entered the bestseller list. Munsterberg (1913) argued in the book that the best way to increase efficiency and productivity is to pick workers’ positions that match character and mental abilities of people who are working at them. Using the methods of psychological screening, such as intelligence tests and modeling of the production process, employers will be able to determine the knowledge, skills and abilities of prospective employees. Moreover, Munsterberg conducted various researches with people of different professions such as the ship’s captain, a tram driver, telephone operator and dealer, demonstrating how psychological screening techniques can improve the work’s productivity. As a result, Munsterberg outlined in â€Å"Basics of Psychotechnics† (1914) his views on the organization of vocational guidance and psychological services in the enterprise.Munsterberg was the first person who formulated the â€Å"principle of instrumentalism,† i.e. supposedly impartial attitude of psychologists to political and ethical aspects of their work. The researcher was more interested not in the political consequences of social conflic t in the enterprise, but in production results. For instance, he stated that in management, a lot of attention is paid to the problems associated with the effective use of materials and equipment, while mental state of mind is not taken into account in enough degree. Moreover, problems such as fatigue, monotony, demonstration of interest, education, enjoyment, and many such states associated with the psychological state of the individual were considered at unprofessional and low scientific level. As a result, the book â€Å"Psychology and Industrial Efficiency† became the answer to many of these problems.Munsterberg believed that industrial psychology and scientific management must unite their efforts, as they are based on the same principle: high working efficiency can not be achieved by excessive pressure on workers. Scientific methods of work organization must be combined with the satisfaction of spiritual needs; thus, people achieving high industrial efficiency would be a ble to achieve internal labor harmony. So, Munsterberg was one of the first advocates of psychology in industrial management; he highlighted the specific function of a psychologist because this specialist should be able to work in the place, where exists dissatisfaction of the workers in the absence of obvious deficiencies.To sum up, Hugo Munsterberg positively impacted on the development of many areas of psychology and his role was especially great in the development of such areas as career choices and professional selection. He was the first in a clear formulation of the two problems of professional suitability: 1) psychological analysis of the profession and detection of professionally important qualities; 2) psychological testing (psychodiagnostics), i.e., determining of the degree of severity of required professionally important qualities of the applicant with the appropriate tests. Munsterberg drew particular attention to the fact that not all people (especially young people) are able to adequately assess their abilities and make the right career choice. He developed a program of psychological study of professions, which included: gathering information from business leaders; it also included observations of psychologists (their role the scientist especially emphasized in the analysis of professions); experimental research, including a special study of the features of successful and unsuccessful activities of workers (method of â€Å"polar groups†). Moreover, Diamond (1974) stated that Munsterberg strongly emphasized the need for the establishment of special psychotechnical institutions and laboratories to put barrier to the spread of imaginary psychological means. He predicted that the industry will eventually take the initiative in bringing the work of professional psychologists by itself.In conclusion, we have explored the contribution of Hugo Munsterberg into psychology and closely related disciplines, and proved that Munsterberg was engaged in a variety of issues, which later became classics of psychology of labor. The term of â€Å"psychotechnics† Munsterberg understood as practical psychology that predicts the behavior of people and explores possibilities to influence this behavior in the public interest. The main shortcoming of psychotechnics was hidden in mechanistic understanding of activity as the ability to set properties, unchanging and unrelated. As we have stated, a set of short-term tests, which gave extremely incomplete information about some properties of the psyche, was used for the diagnosis of the human abilities. But even such fact cannot lessen the impact of Munsterberg on the development of psychology because this person opened new horizons for psychologists, showing people that it is always necessary to pay a huge attention to the sphere of human relations and introduction of knowledge into practice in real life situations.

Bible

There are many accounts in the Bible that state God as the creator. Genesis 1 and 2 are both creation stories but slightly differ in their accounts; Genesis 1 is a day by day account of all the things God created in not so much detail whereas Genesis 2 explains the creation story in a way that focuses more on the creation of man and woman than just the lands. Having two accounts of the creation story means that it is easier to come up with your own conclusion as to how the earth was created. The first line of Genesis 1 is â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† There is no explanation as to where God came from or why He is there, He just exists and creates the heavens and the earth. This alone is showing God as the creator. Genesis then carries on to state all the things God created all with no scientific or physical proof or evidence as to why and how God is doing so. â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them† This quote is from line 27 and is on the 6th day. The repetition of the word ‘created’ is enforcing to the reader that God is the creator of everything and this is done so that there is no doubt in the readers mind whether God is the creator or not. God creating man and woman in his own image is showing that we are superior to other beings such as animals which shows that God is the humans superior. Being made in Gods image is his way of blessing the humans in life as we are made in the ‘Creators’ image. â€Å"Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote is saying that God is passing down his ‘ruler ship’ on to the humans. This means that God is starting to ‘back away’ from his previous role and now feels that he has created a world that the inhabitants (humans) can look after. Genesis two is another creation story but has a few differences to Genesis 1. While Genesis 1 speaks a lot more of the specifics of how and when each part of the earth was made, Genesis 2 speaks a whole lot more about the creation of humans rather than the land. The most time that the creation of land is mentioned is at the beginning of Genesis 2. â€Å"This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created. When the LORD God made the earth and the heavens-â€Å" This is the first thing said in Genesis 2 and it is stating that God is the creator. It says that God created both the heavens and the earth; there is never any question or vagueness about God creating the heavens and the earth it is all very matter of fact. Although Genesis 2 doesn’t always speak of God ‘creating’ things it often personifies God in such a way that he is planting or making objects. â€Å"And the LORD God made all kinds of trees grow out of the ground-â€Å" This quote doesn’t say that God created the trees but made them grow from the ground, this is essentially saying that He created them as it was the first sighting of trees but is said in a different way as so not to force the ‘creation’ down your throat like Genesis 1 does. This is so that you can come to your own conclusion about which one is more plausible or correct but there is still no doubt as to god being the creator. Job 38 from the Book of Job is a story of how Satan and God have a disagreement where Satan was saying that Job only worships God because he is prosperous in his life, God then agrees to take away all his possessions and leave him with nothing to show Satan that Job would still worship him even if he was left with nothing. Job’s three friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar try to comfort Job but they end up doing the opposite and tell Job that the reason for all his losses is because he has sinned and now God is making him suffer. In the end Job has had enough and questions God, this makes God angry and then Job has a better understanding and realises that he should have trusted God all along. God then returns all of Jobs health and possession in better amounts than they previously were. This story is God showing his power and his superiority to humans. â€Å"Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation? † This is God saying that he is mightier than any human and they do not compare to His power. This is also showing that God is omnipotent and that we know nothing compared to him. This is all enforcing that God is the creator and better than all the humans. â€Å"Have you ever given orders to the morning, or shown the dawn it’s place,† This is saying that God has dominance over everything in the world, humans and nature. After Gods account of all his majestic works (such as the world and humans) and power, Job has to acknowledge God’s right as creator to do as he pleases and to not be questioned. Job is essentially the personification of all humans who do not believe god as the creator, Job doubted God and his ability so god became angry; this is supposedly what happens every time someone doubts God. Psalm 8 is a song about the lord God and his creation. â€Å"You have set your glory above the heavens† While this quote form the first verse isn’t directly linked to God being the creator it is saying that God has stated his glory in a way that so far in this psalm we do not know yet, we know that God has glory which could mean he has done something great. â€Å"When I consider the heavens, the work of your fingers† Now we start to work out what it is that causes God to have glory, â€Å"the work of your fingers† we are literally told that God has made the heavens with his ‘fingers’. This personification of God shows that people saw him as one of them but also appreciated his greater power, this could possibly relate to humans being made in God’s image. â€Å"you made him a little lower than the heavenly beings† This quote is, like Job 38, stating God’s dominance over the humans. God made humans a little lower than heavenly beings so that they knew their place and that they were lesser than himself ‘the creator’.

Discussion 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion 6 - Essay Example In many societies, the choice of color is seen to tell about one’s gender. In the present case, pink is traditionally associated with girls, and therefore seeing the boy’s nails in pink made some feel that the mother was encouraging a reversal of gender identity. To some, the advertisement appears to encourage our children to choose the genders they feel comfortable in regardless of their gender at birth. Some people believe that boys should behave and act like boys and not the other way round. In terms of the relationship between gender and power, such reactions indicate that men and women are placed in certain roles based on their gender. The society has developed boundaries that clearly define the roles of men and women in society, and whenever such boundaries are seen to be crossed, such reactions are common. Women are seen as accommodative and passive while men are aggressive and dominating. In the present case for instance, since pink color is associated with wome n, some take offense when the boy paints his nails pink because it appears he is relinquishing his duties or roles as a man and taking up female

Transactional Leadership VS. Transformational Leadership Essay

Transactional Leadership VS. Transformational Leadership - Essay Example According to some sources, this technique of leadership is comprises of four key aspects. The relationship between the person in charge and the populace depends on the swap over level. Therefore, the great exchange value translates to stronger relations. The barter approach is another characterizing the above leadership. This is because the leader expects returns for the services rendered to the people (Beerel, 2009). The leader pursues outlay gain economic trade in order to meet people’s substance and intuitive needs in return for constricted services by inferiors. Additionally, transactional leadership does not change the organizational structure. Therefore, it is evident that this form of leadership system is all about necessities, state of affairs and loot. According to James Macgregor, transformational leadership theory is built on a clear vision of the people’s goals. In the above system, leaders and supporters work in unison thus progressing to greater heights in the business performance (Lussier, 2009). The strength of their dream and character enables such to motivate other workers thus achieving the organization’s goals easily. Similarly, the transformational leadership also encompasses of four aspects. One of them is the individualized contemplation. This entails the submission of support and encouragement to the workers. In order, to further maintain good relations, leaders uphold open lines of contact in order to encourage the employees to share their views on all issues. In addition to the above, the transformational leaders ought to recommend direct acknowledgment of other individual’s contributions (Lussier, 2009). Secondly, the rational inspiration transformational leadership utilizes each other’s resourcefulness. This is made possible as workers endeavor to discover new habits, which create opportunities. Thirdly, there is the element of heartening enthusiasm. Transformational leaders encompass a clear vision that

The Dark Humor of Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Dark Humor of Hamlet  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's black humor is a direct result of too much anger: it leads to the alienation, and finally the death of the people who know him, and eventually causes his own death. First, Hamlet's reaction his mother's marriage right after Old Hamlet's funeral shows that his anger alienates him from his mother. Second, his reaction to Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is his indirect anger to the world, because Hamlet feels that everyone is betraying and using him. Lastly, the anger towards Gertrude is expressed in conversations with Ophelia which eventually leads to her death.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet tells Horatio that the food served in the funeral will be the same served in his mother's wedding. " The funeral baked meats Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables." (Act 1, Scene 11, Line 180) It shows that Hamlet is really disturbed about his mother marrying his uncle the day after his father's death. Later on in the story, he loses his temper with his mother. "Mother, for your love of grace, Lay not the flattering unaction to your soul, That no...

E-Marketing Strategy

E-marketing is an effective tool to establish and strength the corporate brand image. The brand relation can be strengthened by online presence (through website and services) with an aim to retain the customers and eliminate the price factor. More and more people are using net which is creating great potential for online business. A brand expressed the hopes and expectations of customers. The online presence of an established brand also requires such criterions where customers expect some thing different than every day website. For an well known brand, it is not just dumping information online, but establishing communication, telling the visitors clearly; what is company about and what it stand for? Pepsi is successful in conveying that image. Its website www. pepsi. com is filled with many innovative features to capture the attention of visitors. The E-marketing strategy is based on the similar principals as traditional marketing 4P’s (Product, Price, Promotion and Position); however online marketing needs some additional P’s (People, Process, and Proof). E-marketing is the extended form of traditional marketing requiring the synthesis of the following factors; Personalization, Privacy and Security, Customer Service, Site, Sales Promotion. These functions allow managers to further their businesses online. (a) Personalization The basic concept behind the personalization is to understand a certain customer and establish relation. Thus the vital issue is to gather information about customer and then develop personalized products and services. For example Amazon asks the customers to make an account; where customer provides information about themselves. Based on this customer information, every time a customer logs in, products related to customer interests automatically pops up. This strategy works two ways; it allows the marketers to target individuals on personal level; and on the other hand it allows individual customers to go no further, but find product right in front of their eyes. (b) Privacy and Security Privacy is related to personalization. When businesses gathers information and store this customer information; the crucial issue is to make it safe. A major task of e-marketing strategy is to develop policy or guide lines for gathering information and keep this information private and confidential. Another crucial issue is security. Any transaction performed on the websites becomes the responsibly of the business and to ensure that no outsider is able to access the information. Thus a wise marketer will convey clear and convincing the customers that their provided data is safe hands. (c) Customer Service Like any traditional business, customer service is an essential part of e-business. Good customer service is a key to gain loyalty form the customers. Compared to traditional service online shoppers can come from anywhere in the world with different time zones; providing 24/7 customer service in crucial. One example is precisionreservation. com which provides online (hotel) booking to travelers. The booking is done automatically, while the copy of booking is sent via email. In case of any question, live support is available 24/7 through online customer service. Such excellent strategy allows the customers service to reach customers in real-time. d) Site E-marketing interaction takes place online on digital location which is called site. This location /site have to be available 24/7 and should have the infrastructure to support the number of visitors it receives each day. For any online business, the name should be very clear and should not be confused with any other name. The site should not have any resemblance to any other brand or any other business which makes t he customers confused. Any such resemblance is considered unethical practice and has severe consequences. Another issue is scalability; Amazon receives million of visitors with hundreds of orders each day. Amazon is able to meet the growing number of customers orders as its website has the vital infrastructure for its growing number of customers. (e) Promotions In any effective marketing campaigns, sales promotions are crucial. While developing an e-marketing strategy it is essential to develop online sales promotions targeted at shoppers. The target of any promotion is not long term sales, but achieving immediate goals (in term of volumes). Other than traditional methods; such as discount marketing manger needs to understand the latest technology well enough to exploit it. For example; doing promotions through RSS, which instead of news letter provides almost live data on day- to- day basis. It is very easy for online shoppers to compare the price before they make purchase; which makes it inevitable to check the competitors prices and promotions before starting any campaign. Conclusion For companies who already have established brands need to reach to the online consumers through consistent advertising to enhance their corporate image. One easy way is use the search engines; such as Yahoo and Google who offer relevant add with the queries surfers are seeking. This strategy helps in reaching old and new customers more effectively rather than waiting for customers. E-marketing needs new dimension to be considered compared with traditional marketing, even though e-marketing is evolved from traditional marketing. However such concepts revolve around the principal where customer and business can reach each other in a meaningful way.

Theoretical Yield Example Problem - Chemistry Homework

This example problem demonstrates how to predict the amount of product produced from a given amount of reactants. Problem Given the reactionNa2S(aq) 2 AgNO3(aq) → Ag2S(s) 2 NaNO3(aq)How many grams of Ag2S will form when 3.94 g of AgNO3 and an excess of Na2S are reacted together? Solution The key to solve this type of problem is to find the mole ratio between the product and the reactant.Step 1 - Find the atomic weight of AgNO3 and Ag2S.From the periodic table:Atomic weight of Ag 107.87 gAtomic weight of N 14 gAtomic weight of O 16 gAtomic weight of S 32.01 gAtomic weight of AgNO3 (107.87 g) (14.01 g) 3(16.00 g)Atomic weight of AgNO3 107.87 g 14.01 g 48.00 gAtomic weight of AgNO3 169.88 gAtomic weight of Ag2S 2(107.87 g) 32.01 gAtomic weight of Ag2S 215.74 g 32.01 gAtomic weight of Ag2S 247.75 gStep 2 - Find mole ratio between product and reactantThe reaction formula gives the whole number of moles needed to complete and balance the reaction. For this reaction, two moles of AgNO3 is needed to produce one mole of Ag2S.The mole ratio then is 1 mol Ag2S/2 mol AgNO3Step 3 Find amount of product produced.The excess of Na2S means all of the 3.94 g of AgNO3 will be used to complete the reaction.grams Ag2S 3.94 g AgNO3 x 1 mol AgNO3/169.88 g AgNO3 x 1 mol Ag2 S/2 mol AgNO3 x 247.75 g Ag2S/1 mol Ag2SNote the units cancel out, leaving only grams Ag2Sgrams Ag2S 2.87 g Ag2S Answer 2.87 g of Ag2S will be produced from 3.94 g of AgNO3.