Were the Conditions Bad for All Black Americans During the 1920s

Were the Conditions terrible for every single dark American during the 1920s? Clarify your answer completely. At the point when Black Americans originally went to the USA they were utilized as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth century; thus when subjection finished in 1860s, there were more dark Americans than whites living in the Southern States. During this time white Americans controlled the state governments, dreading the intensity of blacks and acquainting laws with control their opportunities. The USA constitution and government law pronounced that everybody was equivalent. The southern states passed the Jim Crow Laws which identified with segregation.This implied that white individuals and dark individuals needed to live independently. The regions of society influenced by isolation included holy places, medical clinics, theaters and schools. Dark American’s were just isolated in the South. There the KKK (Klu Klutz Klan) shaped, their point was to threaten outside rs, and dark Americans were the most influenced by this. The KKK would lynch dark individuals and murder them, they for the most part struck houses around evening time and there they killed their casualties. By 1925 the KKK had around 5 million individuals. Blacks thought that it was difficult to get reasonable treatment.They couldn't cast a ballot and were denied access to steady employments and a sensible instruction. Somewhere in the range of 1925 and 1922 in excess of 430 dark Americans were lynched. The KKK affected the individuals living in the zone around the KKK, numerous law authorities were likewise part of the KKK and a few legislators were constrained into the KKK or, in all likelihood they wouldn’t get votes. Because of the Segregation in the south many dark American’s moved toward the North in trust in better day to day environments, around 1 million dark individuals moved from the south toward the North during that time. This was known as the â€Å"Grea t Migration†.The conditions in the North were not unreasonably much happier, despite the fact that they weren’t isolated like they were in the South they were still segregated. For instance they couldn’t jump on a similar transport as whites and didn’t go to similar schools. Most blacks lived in more unfortunate lodging but then they paid higher rents. They additionally landed awful positions. There were slight enhancements for the dark Americans living in the North. During the time Jazz was purchased to distinction by performers like Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith. Bessie Smith was a well known Jazz artist and it was accounted for that she passed on as she wasn’t admitted to a white medical clinic after an accident.This shows that in any event, when individuals were renowned and rich they were still segregated for their race. By and large the conditions for Black Americans were all awful however some were more extreme than other. This is on the g rounds that the individuals who were sufficiently tragic to live in the South were isolated and had a harder life then the dark Americans in the North. For those individuals that lived in the south their life was much tuffer and there was consistently an opportunity that they probably won't live the following day while in the Northern States they could go to work, despite the fact that it wasn’t the best occupation, and they had a sheltered spot to live where they realized nobody would attack them.

Timeline Three Hundred Years of American Mass Media. free essay sample

At the point when papers were the most probable type of broad communications, there were many papers available for use In the US, with a did choice of publication viewpoints and speaking to a wide range of crowds. As of late TV has superseded papers as the wellspring of news for a great many people. 1704: The principal consistently distributed paper in the America, The Boston News-Letter, showed up In 1704. The paper contained eulogies and calendars of boat appearances. Numerous papers filled their pages with lessons, artistic works, and philosophical pieces, just as advertisements.One model, the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1784, Philadelphia had the primary day by day paper in the United States, the Pennsylvania Packet. Papers assumed a significant job In governmental issues after the Revolutionary War. The Federalist Papers, composed essentially by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton supporting the sanction of the Constitution. Composing under the name Publics, Madison and Hamilton assisted with convincing general feeling for confirmation in New York and Virginia. We will compose a custom article test on Course of events: Three Hundred Years of American Mass Media. or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the backtalk Changes In print machine innovation. Encapsulated with the choice to draw in a regular workers crowd, permitted distributers to offer their papers to lessen costs from six pennies to one penny, The first of the penny press, showed up In 1833. Paper readership in the nineteenth century due to the populace development, the Invention of the message, the developing accessibility of power, and the expanded utilization of thrilling news-casting. 1920: In the backtalk, creators and business people made advances in remote correspondence utilizing radio waves. - In 1902, transmitting discourse and music over the air was illustrated, constructing radio transmitters and recipients turned into a hobby.In 1912, the legislature required beginner radio administrators to have a permit. In 1920, the primary telecom stations authorized for business purposes went broadcasting in real time. In 1922-23 the quantity of radio broadcasts expanded from 30 to 556. The biggest radio maker, RCA, sold $85 million worth of radios more than three years. By 1930, after the NBC and CBS radio systems were established,US organizations were spending an aggregate of $40 million to promote their items and administrations on radio. The backtalk the brilliant period of radio, was an economical type of diversion for many Americans adapting to the depression.President Roosevelt utilized the radio to advance his New Deal plan and to quiet a stressed country. After World War II, TV turned out to be progressively well known. The creation of transistor innovation and earphones permitted radios to get versatile, not at all like the TV sets. The nation over, programming delivered by National I OFF inclusion and investigation not found on most different stations. Today, radio stays a well known source of amusement as well as of news. 1939: The primary business TV channels went broadcasting in real time in 1939, denoting the start of the TV industry;World War II interfered with the advancement of TV. After five years, that number had ascended to 12 million family units with a TV. Presently, 99 percent of U. S. Families have in any event if not a few. In the ass and ass, TV broadcasting was commanded by three mammoth organizations, NBC, CBS, and BBC. Other than the periodic free UHF channel, there were three channels to watch. In 1969, the PBS started activity, giving instructive, open enthusiasm programming on a noncommercial premise. Extensive development of satellite TV blasted in the ass and ass. The development of Vicars and the broad accessibility of motion pictures on videocassettes offered watchers more choices to organize programming.Citizens differ about the political, financial, and social impacts of the grouping of mass Edie proprietorship. Albeit some observe gains in effectiveness and expanding assorted variety of media content, others see potential issues. 1948: The beginnings of satellite TV can be followed to 1948 in Tuckering, Arkansas. Davidson was disappointed by a powerlessness to get clear gathering. He set a 100-foot tower on a two-story fabricating and associated it utilizing coaxial link to TVs in his store. Inside a couple of years, digital TV frameworks had been developed the nation over, serving a huge number of subscribers.In 1963 undermined by rivalry from link, broadcasting systems effectively campaigned to expand government guideline of the link business. Len the backtalk, satellite TV encountered a flood because of innovative advances and the halfway deregulation of the link business by the administration. Afterward, it skiped its sign off satellites that covered the US and arrived at a large number of extra supporters at significantly diminished expense. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was intended to separate any outstanding hindrances to rivalry in the broadcast communications industry and to permit more organizations to participate.However, this enactment brought about the expanded corporate focus talked about in the past section. Despite the fact that numerous new stations rose, the link business has not gotten away. 1962: In 1962, the primary correspondences satellite, Telltales, was propelled. In 1976, TV writing computer programs was conveyed by satellite. There have been two significant results of satellite innovation. Satellite innovation offers the open door for more than 1 ,300 nearby stations to amplify their crowd and Instant transmission of news from around the globe.A incredible case of the utilization of satellite transmission to alter news and grid inclusion was in the 1999 Elian Gonzales story. Elian Gonzales was safeguarded from the ocean by the U. S. Coast Guard after the pontoon neglected to withstand the excursion from Cuba to the US. A guardianship fight between Élans family members in Miami and his dad in Cuba. The story produced serious news inclusion as well as made political strains between the United States and Cuba. At the point when a U. S. Court in the end requested the kid to be come back to the care of his dad, Élans Miami family members declined to cooperate.In reaction, the legal advisor speaking to Élans father Ovid to rapidly discharge a second photograph of Elian in a glad grasp after he was brought together with his dad, to counter the adverse popular supposition created by the primary picture, at that point numerous individuals felt he was were he had a place. Up four PC organize codes on college grounds and built up Advanced Research Projects Agency Net. The World Wide Web has influenced incalculable parts of American culture, remembering the route for which we get and break down political data. In a 2006 review, about 1 out of 3 Americans utilize the Internet as their essential wellspring of news, contrasted with 1 out of 50 in 1996.Citizens can get up-and-comer roofless and examination of competitor issue positions or even send a fast email. Since it permits simple section the Internet can possibly expand fixation. The World Wide Web can fill in as a really showing power, furnishing conventional residents with the ability to play a more prominent job in the political procedure. However, this showing potential may not be accomplished on the grounds that the fast increment in the quantity of Web locales it likewise makes it simpler for those not exceptionally keen on legislative issues to totally maintain a strategic distance from news ab out open issues. 007: The builds responsibility for broad communications has offered ascend to a discussion evaluating the social, political, and monetary impacts of this pattern. A few people contend that, with the appearance of the World Wide Web, the assorted variety of data that the entirety of the types of mainstream media present little danger to the wellbeing of the just procedure. Others imagine that the developing intensity of the media monsters will subvert the popularity based nature of the American political framework. Ben Franklin: a polymath, who knew five dialects, and was conceived in Massachusetts. He was an establishing father, who restricted subjugation and assumed significant jobs in logical disclosures.

Steps to Success Free Essays

string(148) find new things about myself, regardless of whether I may as of now might suspect I know my own vulnerable sides (but then they wouldn’t be vulnerable sides would they? ). 1. Books are concentrated wellsprings of astuteness. The more books you read, the more astuteness you open yourself to. We will compose a custom article test on Steps to Success or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now What are a few books you can begin perusing to enhance yourself? A few books I’ve read and discovered valuable are Think and Grow Rich, Who Moved My Cheese, 7 Habits, The Science of Getting Rich and Living the 80/20 Way. I’ve heard positive surveys for The Tipping Point, Outliers and The Difference Maker, so I’ll be looking at them soon. 2. Gain proficiency with another dialect. As a Singaporean Chinese, my primary dialects are English, Mandarin and Hokkien (a Chinese vernacular). Out of intrigue, I took up language courses in the previous hardly any years, for example, Japanese and Bahasa Indonesian. I understood learning a language is an entirely different expertise by and large and the way toward familiarizing with another dialect and culture is an absolutely a brain opening encounter. 3. Get another side interest. Past simply your typical most loved leisure activities, is there something new you can get? Any new game you can learn? Models are fencing, golf, rock climbing, football, paddling, or ice skating. Your new pastime can likewise be a recreational side interest. For instance, stoneware, Italian cooking, moving, wine gratefulness, website architecture, and so forth. Discovering some new information expects you to extend yourself in various angles, regardless of whether genuinely, intellectually or inwardly. 4. Take up another course. Is there any new course you can join? Courses are an extraordinary method to increase new information and aptitudes. It doesn’t must be a drawn out course †classes or workshops fill their need as well. I’ve been to a couple of workshops and they have helped me increase new bits of knowledge which I had not considered previously. 5. Make an uplifting room. Your condition sets the state of mind and tone for you. On the off chance that you are living in a rousing situation, you will be motivated each day. Before, I didn’t like my room at all since I thought it was muddled and dull. A couple of years back, I concluded this was the finish of it †I began a â€Å"Mega Room Revamp† venture and redesignd my room. The final product? A room I absolutely relish being in and motivates me to be at my pinnacle each day. 6. Beat your feelings of trepidation. We all have fears. Dread of vulnerability, dread of open talking, dread of risk†¦ All our feelings of trepidation keep us similarly situated and keep us from developing. Perceive that your feelings of dread reflect zones where you can develop. I generally consider fears the compass for development. In the event that I have a dread about something, it speaks to something I’ve yet to address, and tending to it encourages me to develop. 7. Level up your aptitudes. In the event that you have played computer games before particularly RPGs, you’ll know the idea of step up †picking up understanding so you can be better and more grounded. As a blogger, I’m continually step up my composing abilities. As a speaker, I’m continually step up my open commitment capacities. What abilities would you be able to step up? 8. Get up ahead of schedule. Getting up ahead of schedule (say, 5-6am) has been recognized by many (Anthony Robbins, Robin Sharma, among other self improvement masters) to improve your profitability and your personal satisfaction. I feel it’s on the grounds that when you get up right on time, your outlook is as of now set to proceed with the energy and proactively experience the day. Seth as of late reviewed a waking early arrangement which you should look at to help develop this propensity. 9. Have a week after week practice schedule. A superior you begins with being fit as a fiddle. I for one make it a point to run at any rate 3 times each week, in any event 30 minutes each time. You might need to blend it up with running, rec center exercises and swimming for variety. 10. Start your life handbook. An actual existence handbook is a thought I began 3 years prior. Fundamentally, it’s a book which contains the basics on how you can carry on with your life without limit, for example, your motivation, your qualities and objectives. Similar to your manual for your life. I began my life handbook since 2007 and it’s been an essential empowering influence in my advancement. 11. Compose a letter to your future self. What do you consider yourself to be quite a while from now? Will you be the equivalent? Extraordinary? What sort of individual will you be? Compose a letter to your future self †1 year from now will be a decent beginning †and seal it. Make a date in your schedule to open it 1 year from now. At that point begin attempting to turn into the individual you need to open that letter. 12. Escape your usual range of familiarity. Genuine development accompanies difficult work and sweat. Being too agreeable doesn’t assist us with developing †it causes us to deteriorate. What is your customary range of familiarity? Do you remain in more often than not? Do you keep to your own space when out with others? Shake your daily practice up. Accomplish something else. By presenting yourself to another unique circumstance, you’re actually developing as you figure out how to act in new conditions. 3. Put somebody up to a test. Rivalry is perhaps the most ideal approaches to develop. Set a test (weight reduction, work out, monetary test, and so forth) and contend with an intrigued companion to see who accomplishes the objective first. Through the procedure, both of you will acquire than if you somehow happened to set off on the objective alone. 14. Recognize your vulnerable sides. Experimentally, vulnerable sides allude to regions our eyes are not equipped for seeing. In self-awareness terms, vulnerable sides are things about ourselves we are unconscious of. Finding our vulnerable sides assist us with finding our territories of progress. One exercise I use to find my vulnerable sides is to recognize all the things/occasions/individuals that trigger me in a day †trigger significance causing me to feel irritated/odd/influenced. These speak to my vulnerable sides. It’s constantly enjoyable to do the activity since I find new things about myself, regardless of whether I may as of now might suspect I know my own vulnerable sides (however then they wouldn’t be vulnerable sides would they? ). You read Steps to Success in class Papers After that, I deal with steps to address them. 15. Request input. As much as we attempt to improve, we will consistently have vulnerable sides. Requesting input gives us an extra point of view. A few people to move toward will be companions, family, associates, chief, or even colleagues, since they will have no preset inclination and can give their criticism dispassionately. 16. Remain centered with plan for the day. I start my day with a rundown of errands I need to finish and this helps make me remain centered. In examination, the days when I don’t do this wind up being incredibly ineffective. For instance, some portion of my daily agenda for now is to compose a visitor post at LifeHack. Organization, and this is the reason I’m composing this now! Since my work expects me to utilize my PC constantly, I utilize Free Sticky Notes to deal with my plan for the day. It’s extremely easy to utilize and it’s a freeware, so I suggest you look at it. 17. Set Big Hairy Audacious Goals (BHAGs). I’m a major enthusiast of setting BHAGs. BHAGs stretch you past your typical limit since they are enormous and nervy †you wouldn’t consider endeavoring them ordinarily. What are BHAGs you can set out on, which you’ll feel totally large and in charge once you complete them? Set them and begin taking a shot at them. 18. Recognize your imperfections. Everybody has blemishes. What’s most significant is to get them, recognize them, and address them. What do you believe are your defects? What are the defects you can take a shot at now? How would you like to address them? 19. Get without hesitation. The most ideal approach to learn and improve is to make a move. What is something you have been importance to do? How might you make a move on it right away? Holding up doesn’t complete anything. Making a move gives you prompt outcomes to gain from. 20. Gain from individuals who motivate you. Consider individuals you appreciate. Individuals who rouse you. These individuals mirror certain characteristics you need to have for yourself as well. What are the characteristics in them you need to have for yourself? How might you procure these characteristics? 21. Stop a negative behavior pattern. Are there any negative behavior patterns you can lose? Sleeping late? Not working out? Being late? Slumping? Nail gnawing? Smoking? Here’s some assistance on how you can stop an unfortunate propensity. 22. Develop another propensity. Some great new propensities to develop incorporate understanding books (#1), getting up ahead of schedule (#8), working out (#9), perusing another self-improvement article a day (#40) and reflecting. Is there some other new propensity you can develop to develop yourself? 23. Evade adverse individuals. As Jim Rohn says, â€Å"You are the normal of the 5 individuals you invest the most energy with†. Any place we go, there will undoubtedly be contrary individuals. Don’t invest a lot of your energy around them on the off chance that you feel they drag you down. 24. Figure out how to manage troublesome individuals. There are times when there are troublesome individuals you can’t stay away from, for example, at your work environment, or when the individual is a piece of your internal hover of contacts. Figure out how to manage them. These individuals the board aptitudes will go far in working with individuals later on. 25. Gain from your companions. Everybody has stunning characteristics in them. It’s up to how we need to take advantage of them. With all the companions who encompass you, they will have things you can gain from. Take a stab at thinking about an old buddy at the present time. Consider only one quality they have which you need to embrace. How might you gain from them and embrace this expertise for yourself? Address them on the off chance that you have to †without a doubt, they will gladly help! 26. Start a diary. Journaling is an extraordinary method to increase better mindfulness. It’s a self-reflection process. As you compose, explain your manner of thinking and read what you composed from a third person’s point of view, you acquire bits of knowledge about yourself. Your diary

Customer service Essay

There’s space to develop the burger business in Thailand, as utilization stays low contrasted and other inexpensive food classes, and there are scarcely any players in this section. An upper hand exists when the firm can convey indistinguishable advantages from contenders yet at a lower cost or convey benefits that surpass those of contending items. If there should arise an occurrence of Carl’Jr , the assets and abilities together structure its unmistakable capabilities. These skills empower development, quality, and client responsiveness, which can all be utilized to make a separation advantage as follow Reputation. In the course of the most recent 65 years, Carl’s Jr. has constructed a notoriety for being America’s chief burger chain, and is known as the spot to go for enormous, succulent, heavenly charbroiled burgers. Today, there are more than 1,249 Carl’s Jr. eateries around the world. Worth Creation The firm’s own worth making exercises, the firm works in a worth framework †¢ Includes halfway table help and an everything you-can-drink refreshment bar. Manageability of upper hand - Requires client dedication, an extraordinary area, one of a kind product, legitimate conveyance channels, great seller relations, a notoriety for client support, and numerous wellsprings of favorable position. †¢ Brand = Authentic premium American burger †¢ Quality = Highlight the quality and volume of new fixings and incentive in each chomp of delicious, charbroiled meat. †¢ Location = Carl’s Jr. has been key with the area of each branch, choosing to be in the core of urban areas in territories swarmed by the two Thais and outsiders the same. †¢ Customer administration = All burgers are specially made and the brand puts a substantial accentuation on amazing visitor administration to upgrade the general eating experience. (Offers a fast assistance involvement in) their wide assortment of premium burgers, all specially made utilizing the freshest quality fixings to clients which is a major distinction to McDonald’s or Burger King which frequently have burgers lounging around for some time. These are only a portion of the reasons why Carl’s Jr. has made such gigantic progress far and wide. With certain that the top notch food and offices of the Carl’s Jr. brand will reverberate with the recognizing Thai customer.

College essay topics to write about Herfindahl-Hirschman Index - Free Essay Example

Question: The Herfindahl Index coefficient and Gini coefficient are tools used in the analysis of industry concentration. Giving examples, assess their respective contribution to our understanding of industry structure. A numerical approach to understanding economic structures has been the basis for the development of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and Gini coefficient. The concentration and industry structure are easily conceivable from a combination of these two indexes. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index measures the size of the top 50 firms in the industry relative to the market. This comparison is in the form of a sum of the squares of their market shares. The primary basis behind the index is to understand the existing market structure based on the relative market shares of the top 50 (or all, if less than 50) firms. The coefficient will tend to be very high in case there is an oligopolistic market structure in which a small proportion of the firms will be holding large market shares. However, if the market is such that the top 50 firms have small and roughly equal market shares, the coefficient will be very low. The difference between the two market structures is easily understandable by looking at the value of the coefficient. An oligopolistic market will generally have an H-H index of above 1800. This would mean that the market is concentrated and the top 50 firms have a significant majority share of the market. An industry with an H-H index of between 1,000 and 1,800 is assumed to be moderately concentrated i.e. there is a fair degree of distribution of market share with a few firms standing out slightly above the others. A market with just one firm serving the entire market (monopoly) will have an index value of 10,000. The minimum index value is of course close to zero assuming a perfect competitive market. The differences in these index values explain a lot about the industry and are often used to estimate the division of wealth between firms. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of the automobile industry in the U.S. is in between 1,800 and 10,000. This is because of the fact that the industry has a lot of large players with significant market shares. However, the use of the Gini coefficient is more pertinent in measuring the distribution of wealth between firms in an industry. The division of the US automobile industry is also supported by the Gini coefficient. Intuitively, the Gini coefficient is a measure of the r elative dispersion of wealth in an industry. It measures the level of inequality of distribution of wealth in an industry. A Gini coefficient of 0 signifies perfect equality of wealth meaning that all firms in the industry have equal wealth. However, a perfect inequality of wealth is denoted by a Gini coefficient of 1. While theoretically it is impossible to have industries with Ginis of 0 and 1, the extent to which they are close to either of these benchmarks denotes the concentration of the industry. The US automobile sector has a Gini well above 0.5 denoting that the industry is concentrated and there is significant inequality of wealth amassed by the automobile firms. The combinatory use of the two indexes gives a clearer picture of the degree to which different firms have a share of the market and the extent of income equality (or inequality) relative to a perfect equality of wealth distribution. Question: In the market for air travel, why might a high degree of price discrimination lead to an improvement in both allocative and technical efficiency, and yet a reduction in consumer surplus? A high degree of price discrimination in the airline industry results in an increase in the producer surplus. This is because of the fact that a producer is able to capitalize on the prices that the consumer is willing to pay instead of the equilibrium price for the market lying above the equilibrium. is price methodology would raise allocative efficiency because the airlines will be using the appropriate consumption bundle on the consumers indifference curve. This would lead to maximizing utility in terms of each individual using the airlines service; Instead of maximizing output for the airline, it would mean reaching the optimum production level. The phenomenon of discriminatory pricing is also known as labelled as perfect price discrimination because of the fact that it matches a perfect competition market also completely. The optimum quantity for the airline would form the isoquant line while the budget line for the production would be denoted by the isocost line. The pr ice discrimination strategy would mean that the budget line would meet the optimum production quantity i.e. the isocost would equal the isoquant. This would denote the optimum quantity which would however reduce the consumer surplus instead of raising it. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the supply curve in this strategy would change for each consumer. The supply curve will be higher or lower for each consumer depending on the price discrimination level; they would be matching the customers characteristics. Thus, this would result in an increase in the producer surplus at the expense of the consumer surplus. While the total surplus would remain unchanged, a portion of the consumer surplus would be converted to the producer surplus. This is the basic reason for a decrease in the consumer surplus even though technical and allocative efficiency may be rising. The technical efficiency would rise because of the price discrimination strategy: the output of the airli ne would increase even though the inputs would remain the same. This increase in technical efficiency is complemented by allocative efficiency. The rise in allocative efficiency can be explained by the fact that the consumers measure of the utility of the airlines service would increase. The price discrimination strategy would enable the airline to charge different prices to each consumer based on their utility. Since the prices would be matching the utility of the customer, the net utility derived from producing the optimum quantity (where isocost would equal isoquants). The following graph displays this phenomenon: Thus, it is possible for an airline to improve allocative and technical efficiency using a price discrimination strategy and at the same time experience decreasing consumer surplus. Bibliography Cleaver T, 2004, Economics: The Basics, Routledge. Brittanica, 1994, Isocosts and Isoquants, Accessed May 16, 2010 from: https://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/42/142-004-2E61196E.gif Jones, Chris, 2009, Financial economics. London: Routledge. Just, R.; Hueth, D. Schmitz, A. 2002, Applied Welfare Economics and Public Policy, Prentice Hall. Krugman P, 2000, The return of depression Economics, W. W. Norton and Company. Mankiw N.G., 2010, Macroeconomics, Palgrave Macmillan. Riddell, Tom Shackelford, Jean A., 2007, Economics: a tool for critically understanding society, Addison Wesely.

Franz Kafka’s ‘In the Penal Colony’ A Microcosmic Enactment of the Historical Interaction Between the Colonial and Post-colonial Discourse - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"It was a machine like no other.†The opening lines of Franz Kafka’s work ‘In the Penal Colony’ puts forward a cryptic yet insightful simile that sets the mood of the entire story. Kafka’s simile offers little further clarification, yet categorizes the machine in question as one that is different from all other known things. Being unknown, the machine becomes automatically disassociated from the reality of the reader, who feels alienated by not being able to relate to it. Such alienation and disassociation, especially in terms of culture, is a prevalent theme in the post-colonial world of today. Kafka, through his story of four men and a machine, paints a vividly impactful image of a society that is, in many ways, symbolic of the colonization that was rampant throughout the 19th century in most parts of the world. In its simplest form, colonization is the political and ideological dominance of one country over another that is significantly differ ent from it in terms of its culture, traditions and values. Such domination is accompanied by the use of brute force, and is essentially exploitative in nature, as it works to the benefit of the dominant group, and to the abuse of the exploited one. Under such circumstances, conflict becomes inevitable. Conflict arises in the relations of power, in the perception of moral values and most of all, in understanding what justice truly means. Kafka’s story is unique, however, not because it is a symbolic depiction of a colonial conflict. Its brilliance lies in the author’s ability to introduce the post-colonial perspective, right in confrontation of the colonial one. By placing a post-colonial view in the presence of the colonialist officer, Kafka introduces another dimension of conflict. The post-colonial perspective, in essence, has developed as a response to the colonialist ideologies, and it criticizes, disapproves and condemns colonialism in an attempt to illegitimize the ideologies it promotes. The colonial – post-colonial conflict, therefore, forms the very core of the conflict around which Kafka’s story revolves. This conflict, and multiple others, are all aesthetically woven into the tapestry of the post-colonial setting that Kafka creates for us â€Å"In the Penal Colony.† The proud stubbornness of the colonizers reflects in the stoic determination of the officer; the submissive colonized represented in the meekness of the condemned man; the detached observation of the upholders of the post-colonialist discourse mirrored through the removed gaze of the explorer; and the barrenness in the description of the penal colony bearing resemblance to the austerity of the colonized land – all make the unique individual strands of the story that come together to form a meaningful whole. The whole, in this case, is a microcosmic representation of the interaction between the colonialist and post-colonialist view points, right in the presence of the colonized man, in a purely colonial setting. It is through the effective use of characters, language and setting, that Franz Kafka is able to create an engaging enactment of the post-colonial debate in his story â€Å"In the Penal Colony†, weaving a tale that parallels an interaction of the post-colonial perspective with a colonial ideology.The setting of Kafka’s penal colony is extremely pivotal in understanding the underlying themes of the plot. Little is devolved to the reader about the location and surroundings of the penal colony; however, Kafka does provide the reader with details through which an inference, albeit vague, can be made. The opening of the text describes the penal colony as a â€Å"small, sandy valley† with â€Å"a deep hollow surrounded on all sides by naked crags† (Kafka, 1). Furthermore, â€Å"there was no one present†, except the officer, explorer, the condemned man and the soldier. In the beginning o f the story, an image of a dead, lifeless and austere setting is conjured by Kafka, making the reader wary of the place. The setting is isolated, uninteresting and unappealing, and at best the most distracting thing about the place is â€Å"the glare of the sun in the shade less valley† (1), which at one point makes the explorer lose his train of thought. Understanding the importance of such a setting in the context of colonial and post-colonial discourse, it is not difficult to draw parallels with the stereotypical view the colonizers hold of the colonized land. The British complained of the unbearable heat of India, while the Spanish found the climate of the Americas unappealing. Not only is the setting in Kafka’s tale unpleasant, but also vague in its description. This indescribable nature of the surroundings suggests to the fact that despite the colonizers’ claim of dominance over their colonies, they were never truly able to master the lands in the way a na tive would. An elusive element of not being able to recognize the particulars of the flora and fauna of their surroundings has been mentioned in accounts of, for example, British colonists living in India. The book â€Å"Passage to India† by E.M. Forster captures this beautiful moment where two of the British characters come across a beautiful bird in a club, but fail to identify it. The author writes, â€Å"It was of no importance, yet they would have liked to identify it, it would somehow have solaced their hearts† (Forster, 101). This solace is never offered to the foreign invader, just as the surroundings of the penal colony fail to provide any comfort to the officer or the explorer. Thus, the lack of appeal and comfort that the colonized lands hold for the colonizers is symbolized effectively through the setting of Kafka’s story.While the surroundings are pivotal in setting up the beginnings of a colonial reading of the text, the characters in this story ar e crucial in highlighting the conflict between the colonial and post-colonial viewpoints. The officer is a quintessential representation of the colonizers, while the condemned man is a quintessential representation of the colonized nation. The explorer, however, is the embodiment of the post-colonial perspective, who views colonization and the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized within the penal colony with disdain and disapproval. This trichotomy is not only visible in the way these three men interact, but also in the close analysis of the specific details of these characters. The uniform, and how all three respond to it, is one such example. Beginning with the officer, the uniform becomes the first thing that stands out for him. Despite the oppressive heat, the officer is wearing a heavily uncomfortable uniform. The explorer is aware of the discomfort the officer must be facing, and considers it irrational to wear it under such conditions. Pointing out the fact to the officer, the explorer says â€Å"These uniforms are too heavy for the tropics, surely.† In response, the officer replies saying â€Å"Of course†¦but they mean home to us; we don’t want to forget about home.† (1) This apparently simple exchange is loaded with crucial truths of the way colonizers’ ideology worked, and the critical eye with which the post-colonists viewed them with. The sense of being away from home and the attempt of retaining the original identity is one that is an essential characteristic of the colonizer. The practice of wearing a uniform by the colonizers, therefore, is not necessarily one that is linked to practicality, but is one that is associated with identity. The urge to belong to one’s origins in a foreign land is expressed in the officer’s words, as is evinced from the attitude of colonizing nations in the past. The use of the affectionate term â€Å"Motherland† is an example of the emotional atta chment between the colonizers and their native country (Dubhashi, 197). The British colonizers in India, for example, wore elaborate uniforms and red coats, despite the excruciating heat of the sub continental region. Not unlike the officer’s uniform in Kafka’s penal colony, the British uniform too embodied the identity, culture and power of the colonizing nation. It is important to note how the British soldiers took great pride in wearing blaring bright red coats to the battlefield, despite the fact that it provided poor camouflage. The sense of an irrational sense of pride can be understood when, in the colonizer’s shoes, one sees the need to belong to a relatable greater whole, in the British colonizer’s case, Great Britain. Despite having dominance and claiming ownership to Indian land, the British could never relate to the place, and thus, were unable to belong to it in the same way as the native would. The uniform, therefore, serves to symbolize not only the authoritative position of the colonizer, but also highlights his lack of belonging. The officer, despite being physically present in the penal colony, is very distant from it in reality. He, however, is unaware of this reality, and sees himself as an inherent authority on the systems of the penal colony.While the officer is a three dimensional portrayal of the colonialist ideologies, the explorer, on the other hand, is the symbolic image of the post-colonial gaze. The explorer seems to be Kafka’s special character since he is dealt with differently as compared to the rest of the characters. While Kafka provides vivid descriptions of the officer, the condemned man and even the soldier, he does not give any visual details to describe the explorer. Providing vague, indefinite details and altogether omitting any physical descriptions of a character is a conscious strategy employed by Kafka, which enables the reader to perceive the explorer less as a person and more as t hought, or a point of view. What the explorer thinks about the Harrow, what his judgment on the system of justice in the penal colony is, or how he perceives the actions of the men around him all are more central to the plot than the characteristics of the explorer himself. This strategy is not merely coincidental, and is a conscious master stroke of the genius mind that Kafka was. The explorer is not a thing to be seen – he only sees and observes that which is going on around him. This is in contrast to, for example, the condemned man’s portrayal. Kafka writes, â€Å"The condemned man, who was a stupid-looking, wide-mouthed creature with bewildered hair and face.† A further metaphor is added to aid the reader’s visual perception of the condemned man by comparing him to a â€Å"submissive dog†. On another instance, we are told that the Harrow needs to be adjusted for the condemned prisoner, â€Å"since he was a thin man† (Kafka, 6). These d etails, and many others, are those that bring to life the condemned man in the eyes of the reader. His fear, his repulsion, his vindictive smile – all his emotions are duly expressed through the pen of Kafka. The officer too, enjoys a definite description in the story. In the opening paragraph of the story, he is described as â€Å"uncommonly limp, breathed with his mouth wide open, and had tucked two fine ladies’ handkerchiefs under the collar of his uniform.† (1) Such attention to detail is a luxury extended to all but the explorer. Even the inanimate machine called the Harrow is portrayed in such elaborate detail that it is, figuratively speaking, brought to life. Each and every minute detail of the machine, its parts, its moods and its actions are penned down in a manner so exquisite that it belies a sense of life in the machine. The explorer, however, is devoid of any physical description, which strengthens the claim that his character is a symbolic depicti on of the post-colonial gaze.Furthermore, the words, actions, reactions and thoughts of the explorer seem to follow a trajectory similar to that of the post-colonial discourse. Post-colonialism is associated with an acknowledgment of the fact that two very different cultures may exist, and be right at the same time. On the other hand, colonial perspective acknowledges only the existence of one dominant culture, i.e., their own, and take it as an inherent right to impose their superior culture on the lack of culture of other nations across the world. Such a system â€Å"rests primarily on the foundation of brute force† (Majumdar, 89).Through the explorer, Kafka brings to life the post-colonial perspective. The post-colonial perspective, being an essential critique of the colonialist ideologies, comes about as a response to it. Post-colonialists do not actively take part in the process of colonization, but view it from a spatial or temporal distance. The key feature, therefore, of the post-colonial view point is that it is detached from the actual process of colonization. This feature is one that is present in the explorer as well. He is unfamiliar with the landscape and feels out of place in the penal colony. While the officer too suffers from a lack of belonging in the desolation of the penal colony, he considers himself a part of it nevertheless, justifying his involvement in the local justice system. What makes the explorer unique, however, is the simple awareness he holds of the fact that he is a stranger to the place. This is the defining difference between the explorer and the officer. Being a stranger to the penal colony, the explorer is also conscious of the fact that his cultural knowledge may vary from those that are the residents of the penal colony, and that this difference may not be the sole reason for him to pass judgment upon them. This comes out quite explicitly in a scene where the explorer acknowledges in his thoughts that for him, â⠂¬Å"the injustice of the procedure and the inhumanity of the execution were undeniable.† (Kafka, 7) However, at the same time, he also affirms that, being a â€Å"foreigner†, he has no right to interfere in the culture and traditions of another people, since they may hold a different value for them. This belief forms the very basis of what is known as cultural relativism.The explorer and the officer are both foreigners, while the condemned man is the native. Being classified into distinct categories links us to the essential conflict that engulfs the entire process of colonization the dilemma of cultural relativism. How is it justified for a group of people, like the officer, to impose justice and take decision for another people, the condemned man, when they fail to connect with them, even at a very basic level? How well can the British, for instance, pass judgment the culture and moral traditions of the native Indians when they are unable to relate to it? Cultural re lativism is the acceptance of the fact that there exists a difference of opinion on what is right and wrong between different people and different cultures. Morality, the understanding of what is right and what is wrong, is therefore a relative term and not an absolute one. In the context of the story, we see an understanding of cultural relativism emerge from the thoughts of the explorer. It is no coincidence, therefore, that the theory of cultural relativism emerges as a result of post-colonial discourse. The explorer, being the symbolic representative of post-colonialism, thinks to himself â€Å"It is always a ticklish matter to intervene decisively in other people’s affairs.† He is also aware of the fact that if he chooses to intervene, the members of the penal colony can tell him â€Å"You are a foreigner, mind your own business.† The explorer is conscious of the existence of differences between his own cultural values and the traditions of the land he is v isiting. Post-colonial discourse not only criticizes colonists for failing to take into account the reality of cultural relativism, but also actively propagates the concept. Franz Boas first spoke of the idea of cultural relativism, while his students coined the term. Boas writes, Civilization is not something absolute, but is relative, and our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes. (Boas, 1887) Boas’ words evince a reality that was learnt after the world experienced the impacts of colonization. All people and nations are not the same and cultural realities may differ drastically among them. This is in sharp contrast to the colonialist view aptly advocated by Jules Ferry in 1884 when he declared; The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior races (Ferry, 1884) Ferry’s words determine culture as an absolute. The colonizers, considering themselves to be the superior race, believed they owned the monopoly of culture and civilization, and were in effect doing the colonized nations a favor by enlightening them. This debate is one that is evident quite explicitly in Kafka’s story. While the colonizer speaks the mind of Jules Ferry, we hear Franz Boas’ words resonated through the thoughts of the explorer. This also serves to bring to light the reality that culture is central to the process of colonization since the process is in essence a raw, unabashed encounter between two distinctly diverse cultures. The post-colonial discourse, while being sympathetic towards the colonized man, and shunning the use of brute force by the colonizers, refuses to accept or take responsibility for the colonized man or the horrors he has faced as a result of the process. Kafka portrays the explorer as the quintessential post-colonist who criticizes the colonists for torturing the colonizers with their foreign culture and traditions. However, the explorer’s actions are no t simply a critique of the colonists, and exposit that the post-colonial perception of cultural relativism is not limited to a mere acceptance of cultures being diverse from each other. Post-colonial thought, while commenting on the short comings of colonization, is careful to respect the boundaries of the distinct culture of the colonized. Kafka’s story ends with the following line as the explorer sets onto the boat which would take the explorer away from the penal colony and into his own country. Kafka writes, â€Å"They could have jumped into the boat but the explorer lifted a heavy knotted rope from the floor boards, threatened them with it, and so kept them from attempting the leap.† (Kafka, 16) Interpreting this incident under the light of the post-colonial interaction with the colonized world, we can see the attempted leap by the condemned man and the soldier as a cultural leap, as a means of escape from the horrors of the colonialism that was inflicted upon the m. However, the explorer is aware of the fact that it is not only the presence of the officer that caused the doom of the natives of the penal colony. The people of the penal colony, after being rid of the forces of colonization, are confined by the unconscious bonds of their own culture, their new post-colonial identity. Any attempt to break these bonds could end up being disastrous, a reality which the explorer realizes as he sets sail off the penal colony. The process of colonization and its aftereffects cannot simply be reversed by an elimination of the colonizers from the colonized land. The strong post-colonial identity that has been formed over the years of exposure to colonial dominance is a reality that cannot be erased, and an attempt to forcefully write over it will only result in further chaos. It is the responsibility of the colonized man to mould their own identity from the remnants of the identity the colonizers imposed upon them. This further serves to strengthen the divide by keeping intact the distinctions between morals, traditions and values of each nation.Colonialism, when first introduced in the Americas in 1492, was indeed a process like no other. The process was so uniquely inhuman, so distinctively exploitative and so exceptionally damaging that it was hard to find a precedent for it. The simile Kafka draws to explain the Harrow as a machine like no other brings us to think whether the machine really is as incomparable as Kafka claims. The Harrow, as the officer claims, has many names, and colonialism is a likely metaphoric projection of the same torturous device that is central to Kafka’s story. What the Harrow achieved in the penal colony can be allegorized to the impact colonization had on the natives and the colonizers, and how, even after the demise of the system, its impact and influence never died out. The story, therefore, becomes a crucial link in formulating our understanding of the impact of colonialism on the post -colonial world of today.Works CitedBoas, Franz. Cultural Relativism. Cultural Relativism. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2013.Dubhashi, P. R. Economic Thought of the Twentieth Century and Other Essays. New Delhi: Concept, 1995. Print.Ferry, Jules. On French Colonial Expansion. Rep. N.p.: n.p., 1884. Print.Forster, E. M. A Passage to India,. New York: Harcourt, Brace and, 1924. Print.Kafka, Franz. In the Penal Colony. London: Penguin, 2011. Print.Majumdar, Margaret A. Post-coloniality: The French Dimension. N.p.: Berghahn, 2007. Google.books. Web. 12 May 2013.

Internship Report On Working Capital Management Essay

B.L.D.E.Association’s V.P Dr. P.G. Halakatti College of Engg Tech Department of Management Studies MBA (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum 590018) Bijapur- 586103 CERTIFICATE This is to certify Abhineta.S.Sarawad that bearing USN 2BL14MBA22, is a bonafide student Master of Business Administration course of the Institute 2014-2016, affiliated to Vishveshvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. Internship report on â€Å"WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT† is prepared by her under the guidance of Prof. Dayanand,S in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Business Administration of Vishvesvaraya Tecnological University, Belgaum Karnataka. Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal DECLARATION I, Abhineta.S.Sarawad, hereby declare that the Project report entitled â€Å"WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT† with reference to â€Å"ASHOK IRON WORKS PVT LTD, BELGAUM†. 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